What the data says about some of the key issues in the general election campaign (2024)

Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer have been interrogated by Sky's political editor Beth Rigby and members of the public in The Battle For Number 10.

Here, Sky News looks at the positions of the leaders on some of the key issues in the general election campaign and what the data says.

Cost of living

Labour likes to claim families have become £5,883 worse off in total over the last five years.

But fact-checking organisation Full Fact pointed out the figure doesn't take into account a broad enough basket of goods, or changes in wages or benefits over the same time.

Factoring these in, the decrease in real disposable income is more like £166, the independent Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) has found.

Meanwhile the Tories claim Labour would leave families £2,000 out of pocket. But the calculations behind it are based on assumptions, as Labour has not yet published its manifesto, and the Tories assume Labour's plans would be funded by taxes rather than possible borrowing.

Mr Sunak defends his record on the basis of the COVID furlough scheme - which he oversaw as chancellor - and the fact inflation has finally fallen to 2.3%, down from a 42-year record high of 11.1% in October 2022.

But external factors worked in the PM's favour.

The worst price shocks from the war in Ukraine (namely on fuel and food) eased regardless of government policies.

However, falling inflation does not mean falling prices, and any amount of inflation still means prices are rising on top of already higher costs.

Wage growth has now overtaken inflation - but there's still a gap between how much prices have increased vs wages in the long run, according to ONS data.

This, combined with stubbornly high interest rates which increase the cost of mortgage rates and other loans, explains why people are still feeling the pinch.

NHS

The waiting list for NHS England peaked at 7.8 million last August - and has since inched down to 7.5 million.

But as other parties love to point out, it is still 300,000 appointments higher than the 7.2 million in January 2023, when Mr Sunak originally pledged to cut it.

Labour says it would get waiting times back down to a maximum of four months - as per the NHS target - by the end of their first term.

They'd do this by adding "40,000 extra appointments and operations every week", including more on evenings and weekends, and buying more equipment.

Sky News analysis has shown that these measures alone may do little to bridge the gap, however.

It takes five additional NHS appointments to remove one treatment pathway from the waiting list, according to thinktank The Heath Foundation.

With this conversion rate, Labour's 40,000 additional appointments equates to 8,000 removed from the waiting list, shown in the bar in orange in the chart above - still falling far short of tackling demand.

Migration

Both leaders are keen to position themselves as tough on migration, saying that the record levels of net migration since Brexit in 2016 - reaching 685,000 last year - are too high.

Mr Sunak claims his plans, which include the controversial Rwanda deportation policy and an unspecified cap on net migration numbers, are the answer.

But, as Sky News analysis has already shown, caps have failed in the past.

Former prime ministers David Cameron and Theresa May both vowed to cap net migration in the "tens of thousands". Both failed.

Meanwhile, the Rwanda policy addresses only a tiny fraction of overall numbers, despite its hefty price tag.

It is already set to cost £370m before any removals take place, according to government spending watchdog the National Audit Office (NAO), and could reach an estimated £661m.

It is designed to deter small boats crossings, but these make up only a fraction of asylum claims, and asylum seekers accounted for only 81,000 migrants last year, compared with 432,000 workers and 379,000 students.

Labour have confirmed they will scrap the scheme "straight away", while the Conservatives have a poor track record of implementing the scheme, so it remains to be seen what the final bill will be.

Nearly two thirds (64%) of 229,000 workers visas granted in 2023 were for healthcare roles like nurses and care workers.

The Tories say their Albania deal shows that deterrence works, with numbers down 90%.

Labour has pledged to "reform resettlement routes to stop people being exploited by gangs".

Climate and net zero

A key dividing line is whether to pump more oil and gas from the North Sea.

Mr Sunak wants to "max out" what's left. Labour says it would stop issuing licences for new projects.

But even though it opposes them, if elected Labour would not actually revoke those handed out by the Tories - which environmentalists have criticised.

The Conservative manifesto says more extraction would "provide energy to homes and businesses across the country".

But it's somewhat of a storm in a teacup, because there isn't much oil or gas left in the North Sea anyway.

The red and blue lines in the chart above show how much - or little - extra the UK might get from new licences - so the decision is more symbolic.

The Tories say they will back renewables, but haven’t really lifted an effective ban on onshore wind farms as promised. Labour wants to double onshore wind power to 35GW by 2030.

Labour’s plans to plug the wells in the North Sea are already putting off some oil majors from turning on the taps at existing projects - and could kill off thousands of jobs, the industry lobby group Offshore Energies UK says.

In reality the parties are more aligned than some of their members would have us believe.

Both back some form of windfall tax until 2029, want to decarbonise most or all electricity by 2030, plan to drive up EVs and want to ramp up solar and offshore wind.

D-Day gaffe

It seems no one in Sunak's team thought an early departure from D-Day commemorations in Normandy would matter.

But oh how it did, drawing criticism from his own party, as well as Labour, and the general public alike.

The polls have not been kind either.

A snap YouGov survey showed two thirds (65%) of those surveyed found the behaviour to be completely or somewhat unacceptable. This rose to three quarters (75%) among the 65+ age group.

This was a gift to Labour.